AD | To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/DrBecky and you’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. | The current most distant galaxy known is JADES-GS-z14-0, which was found in a JWST image. But there’s a whole long list of galaxies that have come before it from1925 onwards. In this video we’re going through the science history of which galaxies once held the title of “the most distant galaxy known”.
00:00 – Introduction
01:47 – AD | Brilliant
03:14 – 1925 Andromeda
04:46 – 1929 NGC 7619
07:38 – 1929 NGC 4860
07:47 – 1930 BGC Ursa Major
07:55 – 1931 BCG Leo
08:05 – 1936 BCG Böotes Cluster
08:41 – 1956 BCG Hydra cluster
09:26 – 1960 3C 295
10:30 – 1964 3C 147
11:21 – 1965 3C 9
12:08 – 1973 OH 471
12:24 – 1987 Q0051-279
12:37 – 1991 PC1247+3406
13:49 – 1997 CL1358+62
14:51 – 1998 RD1
15:15 – 1998 HDF 4-473.0
15:57 – 1999 SSA22-HCM1
16:08 – 2000 SDSSp J104433.04–012502.2
16:40 – 2001 SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0
16:54 – 2002 HCM 6A
17:39 – 2003 SDF J132418.3+271455
17:46 – 2005 SDF J132522.3 + 273520
17:52 – 2006 IOK-1
18:13 – 2009 GRB 090423 host
19:15 – 2015 EGSY8p7
19:39 – 2016 GN-z11
22:47 – 2023 JADES-GS-z13
23:49 – 2024 JADES-GS-z14-0
25:01 – Bloopers
Hubble (1925; M31) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1925PA…..33..252H
Hubble (1929; distance correlated velocity) – https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
Humason (1929; NGC 7619) – https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.15.3.167
Humason & Pease (1929; NGC 4860) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1929PASP…41..244.
Humason (1930; BCG of Ursa Major) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1930ApJ….71..351H
Humason (1931; BCG in Leo) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1931ApJ….74…35H
Humason (1936; BCG in Böotes) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1936ApJ….83…10H
Humason, Mayall & Sandage (1956; BCG Hydra cluster) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1956AJ…..61…97H
Minkowski (1960; 3C 295) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1960ApJ…132..908M
Schmidt & Matthews (1964; 3C 147) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1964ApJ…139..781S
Carswell & Strittmatter (1973; OH471) – https://www.nature.com/articles/242394a0
Warren et al. (1987; Q0051 – 279) – https://www.nature.com/articles/330453a0
Schneider, Schmidt & Gunn (1991; PC1247+3406) – https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1991AJ….102..837S
Frank et al. (1997; CL1358+62 lensed galaxy) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9704090
Dey et al. (1998; RD1) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9803137
Weymann et al. (1998; HDF 4–473.0) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9807208
Hu, McMahon & Cowie (1999; SSA22-HCM1) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9907079
Fan et al. (2000; SDSSp J104433.04–012502.2) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0005414
Fan et al. (2001; SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0108063
Hu et al. (2022; HCM 6A) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0203091
Kodaira et al. (2003; SDF J132418.3+271455) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0301096
Taniguchi et al. (2005; SDF J132522.3 + 273520) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0407542
Eye et al. (2006; IOK-1) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0609393
Tanvir et al. (2009; GRB 090423 host) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/0906.1577
Robertson et al. (2015; reddest galaxies in CANDELS) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.00854
Zitrin et al. (2015; EGSY8p7) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.02679
Oesch et al. (2016; GN-z11) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.00461
Jiang et al. (2021; GN-z11) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.06936
Bunker et al. (2023; GN-z11) -https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.07256
Yan et al. (2023; z~15-20 galaxy candidates with JWST) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.11558
Robertsoni et al. (2023; JADES reddest galaxies) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.04480
Curtis-Lake et al. (2023; JADES-GS-z13) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.04568
Carniani et al. (2024; JADES-GS-z14-0) – https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18485
Video filmed on a Sony ⍺7 IV
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👩🏽💻 I’m Dr. Becky Smethurst, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford (Christ Church). I love making videos about science with an unnatural level of enthusiasm. I like to focus on how we know things, not just what we know. And especially, the things we still don’t know. If you’ve ever wondered about something in space and couldn’t find an answer online – you can ask me! My day job is to do research into how supermassive black holes can affect the galaxies that they live in. In particular, I look at whether the energy output from the disk of material orbiting around a growing supermassive black hole can stop a galaxy from forming stars.
http://drbecky.uk.com
https://rebeccasmethurst.co.uk
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Comments
Interesting that in the early 00s the number of authors in the scientific papers just exploded. Did science become a more collaborative endeavor (bigger surveys, more telescopes and so on), or the number of PhD students and Post-docs working under the main authors increased too?
Yes, by all means, let's have a record-breaker series! That would enable me to get my brother (83, engineer and retired pilot) on board watching your videos. And as we know, once you start watching Dr. Becky, you are hooked!
It's simply jaw-dropping to learn how much astronomy and natural science in general have advanced in just such a short period of time😍
I guffawed like a teenager when I saw that the "booties cluster" was observed by the Hooker telescope.
“most”
So Hubble's use of Vesto Melvin Silpher's work gets acknowledged, but the use of Henrietta Swan Leavitt's doesn't…hmm?
The most distant galaxy that ever lived
So what?! 🤷♀️
JWST is gigantic waste of money 🤢🤢🤮
I would like to see a 'largest known star compilation'. but for something different how about the 'smallest known star'.
I'd love a Record-Breakers series.
Was is nawht #? I'm in the USA I don't know what that is
Shouldn't the good doctor be saying "spectrum" instead of "spectra" for a single instance?
i vaguely remember one of jason kendals videos where he explains redshift, lookback distance and all the rest of it. not as simple as it seems! 😄
Ooh! Becky shows her bloopers! THE DOCTOR IS A HUMAN! 💖
I'm not sure about the red shift because never heard the sirens go by they always stay behind me😢
We really don't know if the universe is finite or eternal, and according to modern cosmology, we will never know because the most distant galaxies will fade away due to red shift. In the end, if mankind still exists, all of the universe will become dark from endless expansion. Ultimately, when the last of the atoms becomes so cold that the structure falls apart, the universe will become a very cold and dark space, occupied with degenerate matter. This is the open universe model. TBH, we will not be around to fret about it. This reminds me of a Woody Alan movie – I can't remember which, perhaps "Annie Hall", Woodie's character as a child becomes extremely depressed when he learns that some day, the Sun will expand and consume the earth. His mother criticizes him for his fatalistic attitude, LOL!
I do love these "history of" videos. The thing that resonates with me most is what I call the log plot of knowledge. It's easy to see that the time between "big" discoveries decreases, but then you realize that the same pattern will happen if this summary were made in the 70's or a century ago, or a millennium ago.
I think the reason it resonates is that it highlights how much progress can occur when we work together. Setting aside the content of papers entirely entirely, just seeing how they go from "Scientist" to "Scientist and collaborators" shows just how much deep, foundational knowledge is needed for each and every discovery. And the technological advances required at every stage to support these discoveries underscores the "we do these things not because they're easy, but because they're hard" because of the dividends they pay toward improving humanity.
It's fun to see you so giddy, Doc.
What's the point in talking about all those also-rans?😁
The biggest barriers with budding astrophysicists is not maths and confidence. It's the inability to find out a simple answer like "Has quantum foam been included in the models to explain why all the early universe had such a fast rate of galaxy formation?" If that question was answered for me, then I would know if it's worth pursuing, since most of the stuff I work out, I then later find out that they already worked out the exact same thing. So it's years of wasted time working on a theory that has already been proven. The second barrier is not being able to get the theories out to people who can then help develop them and help to test them. We are posting our ideas on YouTube. It's irrelevant if we are right. 3 people read it. None can do anything about it. All don't understand it because of preconceived biases and misunderstandings.
So even if the answers are out there in us budding astrophysicists, no amount of Brilliant is going to change the fact that the system is never going to help us budding astrophysicists, to actually get noticed. Until the system changes, budding astrophysicists will always face the same problems. They need University degrees, and they need decades of experience in research organisations. Then they will have the clout for their research paper to be taken seriously. Then they can quit and go back to playing computer games. Or they have to be a brilliant content creator, entertaining people on YouTube to build an audience.
House of god at 14.65 and heavens gate at 14.89. This will be the new way to get science funding in the USA if trump gets in. Horror
13 billion isn’t much it may as well be concentrated
Galaxy moving away so fast the same one it will soon break an other record and given a new name
Thank you, Dr Becky. Your video is now red shifted to being a has been of 6 hours ago. Hopefully, the YouTube time shift and the scientific "collaborators" will have a little respect for your incredible age. Sooner or later, they will realize that we need to look at the decay of the materials in our own part of the universe a little better, because we could all watch you becoming an old hag while waiting for somebody else to study the data from somebody else's telescope.
I remember seeing the Hubble Deep Field image as a kid and it made me so fascinated in the universe. Could not properly understand the scope of what it was I was looking at but it made me get my own telescope and asked my parents to sign me up to an astronomy club.
I would pay for a Dr. Becky Sci-Pop Pop-Sci parody music album.
So when will We reach the ''Stop'' sign saying: – Nothing more to see… Move along…?
At some point the expansion rate must reach the speed of light…?
Or the ''Sign'' saying: If you can read this… You're to close…
The most distant black hole mergers would be great for a most distant series. 🌑🤔
It's the phrase "metal-poor" that catches my eye. I assume that the first generation of stars would have no metals beyond minuscule amounts of lithium? Is there any measurable correlation between distance and metal-content of stars?
Is Vesto Slipher's name pronounced "slifer" or "silfer"?
Brilliant stuff! Thanks, dr. Becky! 😊
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
Yes, but did they have an application on iOS and android
The universe may not have an end. It may be infinite.
So what is the max red shift we can see? 15?
'Record breakers is a great idea, Dr.Becky! :🙂
Loved it. Kind of like a Dr. Becky's Guiness Book of Astrophisical Records 😉 On another suibject, please tell me Dr Becky that you will be doing a video on the intermediate mass black hole that a peer reviewed paper said was within the Omega Centauri globular cluster. Considering your area of research, you must be very excited about this announcement.
Not good enough yet, Becky, I want to see the Big Bang before it started happening 🙂
It's just a matter of time before a galaxy futher than 14 billion light years away (and therefore OLDER than 14 billion years) is detected. So anyone foolish enough to believe the big bang nonsense should put their analyst on danger money now!
What a mind blowing video! But it got me thinking about the big bang. Specifically its location. So I google and the answer is "The big bang happened everywhere at once" Whuuut?
It would be great to do a video on this!
I'm curious to know if all of the galaxies that we routinely observe, are traveling away from us in a perfectly linear fashion? If these galaxies were to deviate even the slightest, then would it be possible, with all of the modern advances in technologies and telescopes, to actual see the same galaxy, but at different points in time?
Been saying it for years—these astro-whatever they call themselves have almost NO IDEA what they are talking about when it comes to deep space. No idea. Your guess is as good as theirs.
Have a question for you. What IF, We see something that is showing red shift not blue shift, but all other measurements show this object is coming toward us, not away. What conditions would be needed for this to be observed?
I would like to watch your live seminars in your University you work at. Your enthusiasm is great and contagious. Our city is getting Brighter and Brighter as the Council expands outwarrds.
Love the hilarious pronunciation of Boötes (a diesis in a context like this usually indicates you should pronounce both vowels separately). Great video.
So many arguments surpassrd…jwst is a phenom..brilliant video..how bout a michio kaku point of view..thanks